鳥類以外の脊椎動物は発声に声帯を用いますが、鳥類は一次気管の分岐点に位置する鳴管を用いて、発振音を共鳴させて声を出します〔Gill 2007,Terres 1980〕。鳴管とは数個の気管輪あるいは気管支半輪の数個と、 いずれかの間に張られる鼓膜(振動膜)からなります〔山田 1959〕。鳥の発声は、振動膜によって発せられ、周囲の筋肉は鳴管の開口部の張力を変えることによって、その音を調整し〔Larsen et al.2002〕、他にも舌や嘴の動きによっても変化させます〔Fee et al.1998,Goller 1998,Pepperberg et al.1998,Patterson et al.1997〕。さらに、気嚢や気管は空気の共鳴室として関与しています〔Beckers 2003,Daley et al.2004,Goller 2022.Trevisan et al.2009.Döppler et al.2020〕。鳴管の構造と筋組織の位置は、鳥のグループによって大きく異なり、それぞれの特徴があります〔Homberger 1997,White 1975〕。鳥類の中でもスズメ亜目の鳴禽類は鳴管周囲の筋肉がよく発達しており、複数の音も同時に発声させることができるために長時間のさえずりが可能となります〔Suthers1990〕。オウムやインコなどのオウム目の鳥は、人の声や言葉を模写して、おしゃべりができる種類もいます。なお、ハゲワシなどの一部の鳥は鳴管を欠き、喉のシューシューという音でコミュニケーションをとるものもいます。雌雄でも鳴管の構造の違いがあり、発声する音の性質が異なります〔Frank et al.2006〕。
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